When using statistics, polls and surveys in news stories, writers and editors both need to understand the margin of error and the possibility of deception and inaccuracies that come along with reporting that uses numbers and math. In “Margin of Error,” Robert Niles explains the mathematical definition of and process of margin of error, as well its relationship to the standard deviation. The problem is that the average reader probably does not comprehend the basics behind arriving at the margin of error, so the numbers can be misleading for them. As we have learned in previous articles regarding journalists and mathematics, many reporters and editors don’t see math as being part of their job, and consequently, the average journalist is most likely not aware of the repercussions of reporting facts with the inclusion of margin of error. Perhaps stories regarding polls where margins of error and surveys play an active role, a clear explanation should be included so the reader can fully understand the significance and meaning of the story. If the reporter were responsible to include that explanation, misleading and deceptive information and assumptions could be prevented.
Jack Rosenthal also demonstrates the possibility of misguiding readers when using surveys and statistics. When dealing with surveys in general, there is often researcher and participant bias, similar to how the actual news does not reflect the general population. When the media have such an important role in providing truth and accuracy, it is important that readers understand the clear messages and facts behind a story. Rosenthal uses the example of the American Medical Association, which reported “an alarming rate of binge drinking and unprotected sex among college women during spring break.” In fact, the report was based on 644 women who volunteered to answer the questions, and only 25 percent of them had actually ever taken a spring break trip. This report is a clear example of how readers can be brainwashed into believing misleading information. Journalists need to be extremely careful not to create a story out of inconclusive data simply to have a story.
Additionally, Rosenthal explains how The New York Times issued an extensive paper on polling standards for editors and reporters. While all newspapers should do the same, they also need to include these standards and guidelines for their readers as well. Seeing an overabundance of percentages and statistics won’t have any true importance if the readers don’t understand their implications. When covering polls, the National Council on Public Polls recommends that journalists ask themselves 20 questions, including such questions such as who did the polls; who paid for the polls; and what questions were asked. In order to have information that reflects accuracy, journalists should include the answers to these questions in polling stories so that readers won’t fall into the realm of deception. It is important to understand that many readers are naïve, and it is the media’s role to educate and inform readers to their highest capabilities with fair and objective reporting. If polls and surveys continue to be reported and published with research biases, then the media will ultimately fail to fill that role in society.
